Intersection Design : Intersections connect roads and are designed based on vehicle dimensions, speed, and operating characteristics (e.g., articulated or rigid, low profile, long axle spacing). They must provide sufficient pavement for vehicles to transition between roads. The design begins with determining the kerb return radius to smoothly connect the major and minor roads, applicable to both..

Superelevation is primarily chosen for safety but also considers comfort and appearance, taking into account factors such as- the operating (design) speed of the curve (typically the 85th percentile speed),- the tendency of slow vehicles to track toward the center,- the stability of heavily laden trucks (particularly on downgrades or adverse crossfalls),- the difference in formation levels (nota..

Traffic LanesA traffic lane is a designated roadway section for one-way vehicle flow. Its number and width significantly affect safety, capacity, driving comfort, and operating speed.Australian and New Zealand roads typically use standard traffic lane widths of 3.5 m, allowing large vehicles to pass safely without lateral movement. Wider lanes (up to 3.7 m) are recommended for multi-combination ..

O Curve Geometry CalculationsO Earthworks calcuationsO  Earthworks Balance = Total Cut + Total fill

O Appearance and ComfortAppearance is an important consideration for both small and large changes in grade, similar to crest curves.Sag vertical curves are generally designed to meet comfort criteria at a minimum:Unlit rural and urban roads: Sag curves should ideally be designed to satisfy headlight sight distance requirements.Highways and freeways: Sag curves are typically designed to exceed he..

O K valueWhat is a K value?It's a number that describes the size of a vertical curve on a road.It tells how many meters of curve are needed for every 1% change in slope.Why use K values?They make it easy to calculate the curve's radius at the top: R=100K.The radius and K value give almost the same result for normal road slopes.How are K values used?Road authorities might give you the K value to ..